Ischaemic heart disease is a leading cause of death worldwide and stable angina is the commonest symptomatic manifestation affecting 112 million people (1, 2). In the UK, angina affects 3-4% of the adult population with 20,000 new cases each year (3). The majority of these patients improve symptomatically with interventions such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery by-pass graft surgery (CABG) (4,32). However, there is a group of patients with refractory angina who are increasingly challenging to manage in clinical practice (4).
Author Heartbeat Sub-Editor: Dr Khin Kay Kay Kyaw I am currently working as cardiology specialist registrar ST6 at southwest peninsula region while also working as
Author Sub-editor: Dr Pok-Tin Tang Dr Pok-Tin Tang is an ST5 cardiology registrar in the Thames Valley deanery, currently undertaking a period of out of
Author Sub-editor: Dr May Hu Dr May Hu is a cardiology trainee in the North West deanery. She graduated with First Class Honours from the University
Author Sub-editor: Dr Jhiamluka Solano Dr Jhiamluka Solano is a cardiology resident doctor (ST6) in the Yorkshire and Humber Deanery, currently undertaking a DPhil (PhD)