Ischaemic heart disease is a leading cause of death worldwide and stable angina is the commonest symptomatic manifestation affecting 112 million people (1, 2). In the UK, angina affects 3-4% of the adult population with 20,000 new cases each year (3). The majority of these patients improve symptomatically with interventions such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery by-pass graft surgery (CABG) (4,32). However, there is a group of patients with refractory angina who are increasingly challenging to manage in clinical practice (4).
Authors Heartbeat Sub-Editor: Sandeep Singh Dr Sandeep Singh is a Cardiology Clinical Fellow at Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust. After graduating from India, he completed
Authors Heartbeat Sub-Editor: Khin Kay Kay Kyaw I am currently working as cardiology specialist registrar ST6 at southwest peninsula region while also working as an
Authors Heartbeat Sub-Editor: Anindya Mukherjee Dr. Anindya Mukherjee is a ST5 trainee registrar in Cardiology at Mid Yorkshire Teaching NHS Trust, UK, with extensive experience
Authors Sub-editor: Sameer Zaman Heartbeat Sub-Editor: Aleena Haider Aleena is an academic cardiology trainee at Imperial College London with a strong commitment to all aspects
Authors Sub-editor: Sameer Zaman Heartbeat Sub-Editor: Padraig O Drisceoil Dr Pádraig Ó Drisceoil is a Cardiology Speciality Trainee from the Wessex Deanery, who is currently an
